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÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ äÍÉÔÒÉÑ öÁÒËÏ×Á, ËÌÕÂ "íÏÚÇÏ×ÏÒÏÔ", 1998 1998-01-01
âÌÏË 36 (25 ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏ×)

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 1: äÒÅ×ÎÉÅ ÇÒÅËÉ ×ÅÌÉ ÏÂÛÉÒÎÕÀ ÔÏÒÇÏ×ÌÀ ÓÏ ×ÓÅÍÉ ÓÔÒÁÎÁÍÉ óÒÅÄÉÚÅÍÎÏÍÏÒØÑ, É × çÒÅÃÉÀ ÓÔÅËÁÌÉÓØ ÔÏ×ÁÒÙ É ÄÉËÏ×ÉÎËÉ ÓÏ ×ÓÅÈ ËÏÎÃÏ× ïÊËÕÍÅÎÙ. éÍÅÎÎÏ ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ × çÒÅÃÉÀ ÐÏÐÁÌÏ É üôï – ÐÏ ÐÒÅÄÁÎÉÀ, üôï ÐÒÉ×ÅÚ × æÉ×Ù ÉÚ ÆÉÎÉËÉÊÓËÏÇÏ âÉÂÌÏÓÁ ÇÅÒÏÊ ëÁÄÍ ÏËÏÌÏ 1500 ÇÏÄÁ ÄÏ Î.Ü. ðÏÔÏÍ ÇÒÅËÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌÉ Ë üôïíõ ÅÝÅ ËÏÅ-ÞÔÏ, ÓÄÅÌÁ× üôï ÐÏÐÕÌÑÒÎÙÍ ×Ï ×ÓÅÍ ÍÉÒÅ. þÔÏ ÖÅ üôï?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: áìæá÷éô. (çÒÅËÉ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÌÉ ÇÌÁÓÎÙÅ).

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.71

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 2: ëÏÇÄÁ ÄÒÅ×ÎÉÅ ÇÒÅËÉ ÐÒÉÓÐÏÓÁÂÌÉ×ÁÌÉ ÆÉÎÉËÉÊÓËÉÊ ÁÌÆÁ×ÉÔ ÄÌÑ Ó×ÏÉÈ ÎÕÖÄ, ÏËÁÚÁÌÏÓØ, ÞÔÏ × ÇÒÅÞÅÓËÏÍ ÑÚÙËÅ ÅÓÔØ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÙÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ × ÆÉÎÉËÉÊÓËÏÍ, Á ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ, ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ É ÂÕË× ÄÌÑ ÎÉÈ. ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÇÒÅËÉ ××ÅÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÂÕË×. îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÕÞÅÎÙÅ ÓÞÉÔÁÀÔ, ÞÔÏ Ä×Å ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÂÕË× ÉÍÅÌÉ ÓÁËÒÁÌØÎÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ É ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÉÚÉÒÏ×ÁÌÉ ÍÕÖÓËÏÊ É ÖÅÎÓËÉÊ ÐÏÌÏ×ÙÅ ÏÒÇÁÎÙ. á ËÁËÉÅ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÂÕË×Ù?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: íÕÖÓËÏÊ – "æé", ÖÅÎÓËÉÊ – "äåìøôá".

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.71

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 3: ÷ 105 ÇÏÄÕ Î.Ü. ËÉÔÁÊÓËÉÊ ÐÒÉÄ×ÏÒÎÙÊ ãÁÊ ìÕÎØ ×ÚÑÌ ÒÙÂÁÃËÉÅ ÓÅÔÉ, ÓÔÁÒÏÅ ÐÌÁÔØÅ, ËÏÎÏÐÌÀ É ×ÅÔËÉ ÛÅÌËÏ×ÏÇÏ ÄÅÒÅ×Á... á ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÉÚÏ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÌ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ðÅÒ×ÕÀ âõíáçõ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.72

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 4: ðÏÓÌÅ ÏÔËÒÙÔÉÑ ÈÌÏÒÁ × 1774 ÇÏÄÕ ÏÄÎÏ ÉÚ ÅÇÏ ÐÅÒ×ÙÈ ÐÒÏÍÙÛÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÊ ÂÙÌÏ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÏ ÎÁ ÓÎÉÖÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÓÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ× ÚÒÅÎÉÑ ÓÒÅÄÉ ×ÙÓÛÉÈ ÓÌÏÅ× ÏÂÝÅÓÔ×Á. óÅÊÞÁÓ ÖÅ ÐÌÏÄÁÍÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ ÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅ ÓÁÍÙÅ ÂÏÇÁÔÙÅ ÚÎÁÔÏËÉ. þÅÒÅÚ ÍÉÎÕÔÕ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØ, ÄÌÑ ÞÅÇÏ ÖÅ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÓÑ ÈÌÏÒ.

ïÔ×ÅÔ: îÁÄÏ ÐÏËÁÚÁÔØ ÌÉÓÔÏË âåìïê âõíáçé. äÏ ÔÏÇÏ ÂÕÍÁÇÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÎÅÏÔÂÅÌÅÎÎÏÊ, ÓÅÒÏ-ËÏÒÉÞÎÅ×ÏÊ, É ÔÅ, ËÔÏ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÞÉÔÁÌ, ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ÓÁÖÁÌÉ ÓÅÂÅ ÚÒÅÎÉÅ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.73

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 5: ìÕÞÛÉÍÉ ÉÚ îéè × å×ÒÏÐÅ ÒÁÎØÛÅ ÓÞÉÔÁÌÉÓØ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÍÙÅ òÏÓÓÉÅÊ É çÏÌÌÁÎÄÉÅÊ. áÎÇÌÉÞÁÎÅ × ÎÁÞÁÌÅ XIX ×ÅËÁ ÐÙÔÁÌÉÓØ ÄÅÌÁÔØ éè ÉÚ ÒÏÇÏ× É ËÏÐÙÔ, É ÄÁÖÅ ÉÚ ÞÅÒÅÐÁÛØÉÈ ÐÁÎÃÉÒÅÊ. îÏ ËÌÁÓÓÉÞÅÓËÉÊ éè ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔ ÄÁÀÔ ÎÁÍ ÔÒÉ ×ÉÄÁ ÖÉ×ÙÈ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÍÏ×, Ä×Á ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ×ÈÏÄÑÔ × ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏÇÏ ×ÓÅÍ Ó ÄÅÔÓÔ×Á ÌÉÔÅÒÁÔÕÒÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ, Á ÔÒÅÔÉÊ âÅÎÄÖÁÍÉÎ æÒÁÎËÌÉÎ ÈÏÔÅÌ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÁÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÙÍ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ óûá. ï ÞÅÍ ÉÄÅÔ ÒÅÞØ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ï ÐÉÓÞÉÈ ðåòøñè.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.74-75

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 6: ðÅÒ×ÙÅ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ, ÅÝÅ ÂÒÏÎÚÏ×ÙÅ, ÂÙÌÉ ÎÁÊÄÅÎÙ × ÐÏÍÐÅÊÓËÉÈ ÒÁÓËÏÐËÁÈ. å×ÒÏÐÅÊÃÙ ×ÎÏ×Ø ÉÚÏÂÒÅÌÉ ÉÈ × ËÏÎÃÅ XVIII ×ÅËÁ, É ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÔÁ ÌÅÔ ÉÚÇÏÔÏ×ÌÑÌÉ ÉÈ ÓÔÁÌÉ. ðÏÓÌÅ II íÉÒÏ×ÏÊ ×ÏÊÎÙ ÏÎÉ ×ÙÛÌÉ ÉÚ ÛÉÒÏËÏÇÏ ÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÅÎÉÑ, ÎÏ ÏÓÔÁÌÉÓØ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ËÁË ÄÏÒÏÇÉÅ ÐÒÅÄÍÅÔÙ ÒÏÓËÏÛÉ – ÓÄÅÌÁÎÎÙÅ ÉÚ ÎÉËÅÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÓÔÁÌÉ Ó ÎÁ×ÁÒÅÎÎÙÍ ÏÓÔÒÉÅÍ ÉÚ ÒÕÔÅÎÉÅ×ÏÇÏ ÓÐÌÁ×Á, ÉÓËÌÀÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÐÒÏÞÎÙÅ É ÄÏÌÇÏ×ÅÞÎÙÅ. ï ÞÅÍ ÉÄÅÔ ÒÅÞØ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ï ÍÅÔÁÌÌÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÐÉÓÞÉÈ ðåòøñè. ðÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ ÏÔ×ÅÔ "ÐÅÒØÅ×ÙÅ ÒÕÞËÉ".

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.75-76

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 7: ðÅÒÅÄ ×ÁÍÉ ÄÒÅ×ÎÅÅÇÉÐÅÔÓËÉÊ ÒÅÃÅÐÔ 2697 ÇÏÄÁ ÄÏ Î.Ü. "òÁÓÔÅÒÅÔØ ÐÅÐÅÌ ÓÏÓÎÙ Ó ÌÁÍÐÏ×ÙÍ ÍÁÓÌÏÍ. ïÓÌÉÎÕÀ ÛËÕÒÕ Ó×ÁÒÉÔØ É ÏÔ×ÁÒ ÓÍÅÛÁÔØ Ó ÒÁÓÔÅÒÔÙÍ ÐÅÐÌÏÍ. äÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÍÕÓËÕÓÁ ÄÌÑ ÐÒÉÑÔÎÏÓÔÉ ÚÁÐÁÈÁ". á ÞÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÐÏÔÏÍ Ó ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÎÙÍ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔÏÍ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: éÍ ðéóáìé, ÜÔÏ ÞÅÒÎÉÌÁ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.78

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 8: íÎÏÇÉÅ ÇÒÁÍÏÔÎÙÅ ÌÀÄÉ òÉÍÓËÏÊ ÉÍÐÅÒÉÉ ÍÏÇÌÉ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÅÀ. óÒÅÄÉ ÅÅ ÇÏÒÑÞÉÈ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÎÉËÏ× ÂÙÌÉ ãÉÃÅÒÏÎ, àÌÉÊ ãÅÚÁÒØ, ôÉÔ æÌÁ×ÉÊ. îÏ × ÓÒÅÄÎÉÅ ×ÅËÁ ÅÅ ÓÔÁÌÉ ÓÞÉÔÁÔØ ÉÚÏÂÒÅÔÅÎÉÅÍ ÄØÑ×ÏÌÁ, Á ÔÅÈ, ËÔÏ ÅÊ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÓÑ, ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÌÉ × ÞÅÒÎÏËÎÉÖÎÉËÉ. ôÏÌØËÏ × XV ×ÅËÅ ÏÎÁ ÓÔÁÌÁ ×ÎÏ×Ø ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÔØÓÑ ÓÒÅÄÉ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÍÏÎÁÈÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÉÌÉ ÒÁÎÎÅÈÒÉÓÔÉÁÎÓËÉÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ÒÉÍÓËÏÊ ÜÐÏÈÉ. ôÅÍ ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ, ÄÁÖÅ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ, × ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ ÚÎÁÔÏËÏ×, ×ÒÑÄ ÌÉ ÎÁÊÄÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌØÛÅ 1-2 ÅÅ ÚÎÁÔÏËÏ×. þÔÏ ÜÔÏ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: óôåîïçòáæéñ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.81

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 9: éÚ×ÅÓÔÎÏ, ÞÔÏ Õ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Á ËÉÔÁÊÃÅ× ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÆÅÒÍÅÎÔ, ÒÁÓÝÅÐÌÑÀÝÉÊ ÍÏÌÏÞÎÙÊ ÓÁÈÁÒ – ÌÁËÔÏÚÕ, É ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÍÏÌÏÞÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔÙ × ëÉÔÁÅ ÎÅÐÏÐÕÌÑÒÎÙ. ÷ÓÅ, ËÒÏÍÅ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅÕÄÉ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ. ëÁËÏÇÏ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ëÉÔÁÊÃÙ ÏÞÅÎØ ÌÀÂÑÔ íïòïöåîïå.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.87

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 10: ÷ 1770 ÇÏÄÕ ÄÏ Î.Ü. ×Á×ÉÌÏÎÓËÉÊ ÃÁÒØ èÁÍÍÕÒÁÐÉ ××ÅÌ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ × ÉÓÔÏÒÉÉ "ÓÕÈÏÊ ÚÁËÏÎ", ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ× ÐÒÏÄÁÖÕ ÐÉ×Á ÎÁÓÅÌÅÎÉÀ. ôÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÁ ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑ ÐÏÄÄÁÎÎÙÈ èÁÍÍÕÒÁÐÉ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌÁ ÐÒÏÆÅÓÓÉÏÎÁÌØÎÕÀ ÌØÇÏÔÕ – ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÐÉÔØ, ÓËÏÌØËÏ ×ÌÅÚÅÔ. ëÔÏ ÖÅ ÂÙÌÉ ÜÔÉ ÓÞÁÓÔÌÉ×ÞÉËÉ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ó÷ñýåîîéëé, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÁ×ÁÌÉ ÐÒÅÄÓËÁÚÁÎÉÑ, ×ÐÁ× × ÁÌËÏÇÏÌØÎÙÊ ÔÒÁÎÓ. ðÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ "ÐÒÅÄÓËÁÚÁÔÅÌÅÊ", "ÐÒÏÒÉÃÁÔÅÌÅÊ" É Ô.Ð.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.88-89

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 11: öÉ×ÕÝÁÑ × ËÏÒÁÌÌÏ×ÙÈ ÒÉÆÁÈ ÒÙÂÁ-ÐÏÐÕÇÁÊ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÄÎÕ ÉÎÔÅÒÅÓÎÕÀ ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏÓÔØ. ëÏÇÄÁ ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÐÌÁ×ÁÅÔ (Á ÏÎÁ ÍÁÌÏÐÏÄ×ÉÖÎÁ), ÏÎÁ ×ÙÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÌÉÚÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÏÂÒÁÚÕÅÔ Ó×ÏÅÏÂÒÁÚÎÙÊ ËÏËÏÎ ×ÏËÒÕÇ ÔÅÌÁ ÒÙÂÙ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ËÏËÏÎ ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÒÙ×ÁÔØ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÒÙÂÁ-ÐÏÐÕÇÁÊ ÈÏÞÅÔ ËÕÄÁ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÐÏÐÌÙÔØ. úÁÞÅÍ ÖÅ ÅÊ ÔÁËÉÅ ÎÅÕÄÏÂÓÔ×Á, ÚÁÞÅÍ ÅÊ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÜÔÏÔ ËÏËÏÎ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ïÎ úáäåòöé÷áåô úáðáèé, ÉÓÈÏÄÑÝÉÅ ÏÔ ÒÙÂÙ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÈÉÝÎÉËÉ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÅÅ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔØ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÁ "Great Barrier Reef and the Kakadu National Park", Discovery Channel, 9.07.97

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 12: ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË × áÎÇÌÉÉ × XVII ×ÅËÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÉÌÓÑ ÞÁÊ, ÎÅËÉÊ ÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÉÊ ÜËÏÎÏÍÉÓÔ ÄÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÌ, ÞÔÏ ÞÁÊ ÐÁÒÁÌÉÚÕÅÔ ÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÕÀ ÜËÏÎÏÍÉËÕ. ëÁË ÏÎ ÏÂÏÓÎÏ×Ù×ÁÌ ÜÔÏ ÕÔ×ÅÒÖÄÅÎÉÅ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ÷ÓÅ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÓÔÁÌÉ ÐÉÔØ ÞÁÊ, Á ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏ, ÷ üôï ÷òåíñ îå òáâïôáàô.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.94

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 13: ëÏÇÄÁ ÓÐÁÒÔÁÎÓËÉÅ ×ÏÊÓËÁ ×ÏÒ×ÁÌÉÓØ × áÔÔÉËÕ × ÈÏÄÅ ðÅÌÏÐÏÎÎÅÓÓËÏÊ ×ÏÊÎÙ, ÏÎÉ ÓÔÒÅÍÉÌÉÓØ ÎÁÎÅÓÔÉ ËÁË ÍÏÖÎÏ ÂÏÌØÛÉÊ ×ÒÅÄ ÁÆÉÎÓËÏÊ ÜËÏÎÏÍÉËÅ. þÔÏ ÏÎÉ ÕÎÉÞÔÏÖÁÌÉ ÎÁ Ó×ÏÅÍ ÐÕÔÉ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÓÔÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÊ ÃÅÌÉ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ïìé÷ëï÷ùå òïýé.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.101

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 14: îÁ ÇÅÒÂÅ ÓÅÍÅÊÓÔ×Á íÅÄÉÞÉ, ÄÁÔÉÒÕÅÍÏÇÏ XIV ×ÅËÏÍ, ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÙ ÐÑÔØ ÚÏÌÏÔÉÓÔÙÈ ÛÁÒÏ×. ðÏ ÍÎÅÎÉÀ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌÉÓÔÏ× ÐÏ ÇÅÒÁÌØÄÉËÅ, ÜÔÏ – ÓÔÉÌÉÚÏ×ÁÎÎÏÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ... ÷ÐÒÏÞÅÍ, Ñ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔØ, ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ ÞÅÇÏ, Á ÌÕÞÛÅ ÓÐÒÏÛÕ – ÞÔÏ ÉÓÐÙÔÙ×ÁÌÉ ÂÙ Ë ÎÉÍ ÌÀÂÉÔÅÌÉ ÏÐÅÒÙ, ÂÕÄØ ÉÈ ÎÁ Ä×Å ÛÔÕËÉ ÍÅÎØÛÅ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ìàâï÷ø (Ë ÔÒÅÍ ÁÐÅÌØÓÉÎÁÍ).

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.104

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 15: ïÎ ×ÅÄÅÔ Ó×ÏÀ ÒÏÄÏÓÌÏ×ÎÕÀ ÉÚ ëÉÔÁÑ, ÇÄÅ ÅÇÏ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÌÉ "ÔÁÏ" É ÓÞÉÔÁÌÉ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÄÁÒÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÅÞÎÕÀ ÍÏÌÏÄÏÓÔØ. ï ÎÅÍ ÐÉÓÁÌÉ ÐÏÜÔÙ, ÅÇÏ ÒÉÓÏ×ÁÌÉ É ×ÁÑÌÉ, ÄÒÕÚØÑ É ×ÌÀÂÌÅÎÎÙÅ ÏÂÍÅÎÉ×ÁÌÉÓØ ÉÍÉ ËÁË ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍÉ ÐÒÉ×ÑÚÁÎÎÏÓÔÉ, ÏÎ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÌ ×ÉÄÎÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ × ÐÉÓÁÎÉÑÈ ëÏÎÆÕÃÉÑ. îÏ × å×ÒÏÐÕ ÏÎ ÐÏÐÁÌ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÄÒÕÇÕÀ ×ÏÓÔÏÞÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÁÎÕ, É ÜÔÏ ××ÅÌÏ × ÚÁÂÌÕÖÄÅÎÉÅ ÄÁÖÅ ëÁÒÌÁ ìÉÎÎÅÑ. ïÔËÕÄÁ ÖÅ ÏÎ ÐÏÐÁÌ × å×ÒÏÐÕ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: éÚ ðåòóéé (ÉÌÉ éÒÁÎÁ) – ÜÔÏ ÐÅÒÓÉË. ìÉÎÎÅÊ ÄÁÖÅ ÄÁÌ ÅÍÕ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÅ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÉÅ – Prunus persica.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.106

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 16: ÷Ï ×ÒÅÍÅÎÁ ëÏÌÕÍÂÁ ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÓÔÒÏ×ÁÈ ëÁÒÉÂÓËÏÇÏ ÍÏÒÑ ÏÂÒÑÄ ÉÎÉÃÉÁÃÉÉ ÄÌÑ ÀÎÏÛÅÊ ÚÁËÌÀÞÁÌÓÑ × ÂÅÇÅ ÎÁÐÅÒÅÇÏÎËÉ ÐÏ ÚÁÒÏÓÌÑÍ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÒÁÓÔÅÎÉÑ. úÁÄÁÞÁ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÁ ÎÅ ÉÚ ÌÅÇËÉÈ, ÔÒÅÂÏ×ÁÌÁ ×ÙÎÏÓÌÉ×ÏÓÔÉ É ÔÅÒÐÅÎÉÑ, Á ÐÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÂÅÇÁ ÕÞÁÓÔÎÉËÏ× ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÌÏÓØ ÌÅÞÉÔØ. çÄÅ ÖÅ ÏÎÉ ÂÅÇÁÌÉ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ðÏ ÚÁÒÏÓÌÑÍ áîáîáóï÷ – ÏÂ ÉÈ ÖÅÓÔËÉÅ ÌÉÓÔØÑ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÉÚÒÅÚÁÔØÓÑ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.109

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 17: ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ï æÒÁÎÃÉÉ × Ä×ÏÒÃÏ×ÙÈ ÔÅÐÌÉÃÁÈ ìÀÄÏ×ÉËÁ XIV ×ÙÒÁÓÔÉÌÉ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÁÎÁÎÁÓ, ËÏÒÏÌÀ ÕÖÁÓÎÏ ÎÅ ÔÅÒÐÅÌÏÓØ ÅÇÏ ÏÔ×ÅÄÁÔØ. ðÏÓÌÅ ÄÅÇÕÓÔÁÃÉÉ, ÏÄÎÁËÏ, ìÀÄÏ×ÉË ÐÒÉÛÅÌ × ÑÒÏÓÔØ É ÚÁÐÒÅÔÉÌ ÒÁÚ×ÏÄÉÔØ ÁÎÁÎÁÓÙ ×Ï æÒÁÎÃÉÉ, É ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÅÇÏ ÓÍÅÒÔÉ ÏÎÉ ÐÏÑ×ÉÌÉÓØ ÔÁÍ ÏÐÑÔØ. ðÏÞÅÍÕ ÖÅ ìÀÄÏ×ÉËÕ ÔÁË ÎÅ ÐÏÌÀÂÉÌÓÑ ÁÎÁÎÁÓ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: åÍÕ ÔÁË ÎÅ ÔÅÒÐÅÌÏÓØ ÅÇÏ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÏ×ÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÁÎÁÎÁÓ ÐÏÄÁÌÉ, ìÀÄÏ×ÉË ÐÏÐÙÔÁÌÓÑ ïôëõóéôø ïô îåçï, îå þéóôñ. åÓÔÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ, ÏÎ ÐÏÒÅÚÁÌ ÓÅÂÅ ×ÓÅ ÇÕÂÙ É ÓÔÒÁÛÎÏ ÒÁÚÏÚÌÉÌÓÑ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.110

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 18: óÁÍÙÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÅ ÁÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÎÁÈÏÄËÉ ÏÓÔÁÔËÏ× ÈÌÅÂÁ ÏÔÎÏÓÑÔÓÑ Ë 6000 ÇÏÄÕ ÄÏ Î.Ü. á ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 2600 ÇÏÄÏÍ ÄÏ Î.Ü. ÁÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉ ÄÁÔÉÒÕÀÔ ÉÚÏÂÒÅÔÅÎÉÅ ËÁËÏÊ-ÔÏ ÌÅÎÉ×ÏÊ ÄÒÅ×ÎÅÅÇÉÐÅÔÓËÏÊ ÈÏÚÑÊËÉ, ÉÚÍÅÎÉ×ÛÅÅ ËÏÒÅÎÎÙÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÎÁÛ ÓÔÏÌ. þÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÉÚÏÂÒÅÌÁ, ÐÏÌÅÎÉ×ÛÉÓØ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ×Ï×ÒÅÍÑ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÎÁÄÏ ÂÙÌÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: äòïööå÷ïå ôåóôï. ïÎÏ, ËÁË ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÀÔ, ×ÏÚÎÉËÌÏ ÓÌÕÞÁÊÎÏ, ËÏÇÄÁ ËÁËÁÑ-ÔÏ ÈÏÚÑÊËÁ ÐÏÌÅÎÉÌÁÓØ ÓÒÁÚÕ ÓÕÎÕÔØ ÚÁÍÅÛÁÎÎÏÅ ÔÅÓÔÏ × ÐÅÞËÕ, É ÔÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ ÄÁÌÁ ÅÍÕ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÏÄÎÑÔØÓÑ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.117

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 19: ÷ ÉÎÄÉÊÓËÏÍ ÔÒÁËÔÁÔÅ "áÔÈÁÒ×Á×ÅÄÁ", ÄÁÔÉÒÕÅÍÏÍ 800 ÇÏÄÏÍ ÄÏ Î.Ü., ÕÐÏÍÉÎÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÏÂÙÞÎÁÑ ËÏÒÏÎÁ. ïÎÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÃÅÌÉËÏÍ ÉÚÇÏÔÏ×ÌÅÎÁ ÉÚ ÄÒÁÇÏÃÅÎÎÙÈ ËÒÉÓÔÁÌÌÏ×, ÃÅÎÉ×ÛÉÈÓÑ ÔÏÇÄÁ ÎÁ ×ÅÓ ÚÏÌÏÔÁ. îÏÓÉÔØ ÅÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÎÁ×ÅÒÎÑËÁ ÎÅÕÄÏÂÎÏ É ÎÅÇÉÇÉÅÎÉÞÎÏ, É ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÔÁËÁÑ ËÏÒÏÎÁ ×ÙÚ×ÁÌÁ ÂÙ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÌÀÂÏÐÙÔÓÔ×Ï, ÎÏ ÎÉËÁË ÎÅ ×ÏÓÈÉÝÅÎÉÅ ÂÏÇÁÔÓÔ×ÏÍ ÅÅ ÏÂÌÁÄÁÔÅÌÑ. éÚ ÞÅÇÏ ÖÅ ÏÎÁ ÂÙÌÁ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÁ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: éÚ óáèáòá.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.119

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 20: óÔÁÒÅÊÛÉÅ ÓÏÌÑÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉ × å×ÒÏÐÅ, çÁÌØÛÔÅÊÎ É çÁÌØÛÔÁÄÔ, ÒÁÚÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÍÙÅ ÕÖÅ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ×ÏÓØÍÉ ÔÙÓÑÞ ÌÅÔ, ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÙ × á×ÓÔÒÉÉ. üÔÉ ËÏÐÉ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ – ÐÏÐÕÌÑÒÎÏÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÄÌÑ ÔÕÒÉÓÔÏ×, ÂÌÁÇÏ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÙ ÏÎÉ ÒÑÄÏÍ Ó ÎÅ ÍÅÎÅÅ ÚÎÁÍÅÎÉÔÙÍ ÇÏÒÏÄÏÍ. ÷ÁÍ ÏÓÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÏÄÕÍÁÔØ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÉÔØ – Ó ËÁËÉÍ ÇÏÒÏÄÏÍ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ó úáìøãâõòçïí (ÎÅÍ. Saltzburg – "ÓÏÌÑÎÏÊ ÇÏÒÏÄ").

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.126

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 21: ÷ÓÅ ÄÒÅ×ÎÅÇÒÅÞÅÓËÉÅ ÆÉÌÏÓÏÆÓËÉÅ ÛËÏÌÙ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÌÉ ÐÒÉÌÉÞÎÙÅ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ. óÏÂÒÁÎÉÑ ËÎÉÇ ÜÐÉËÕÒÉÁÎÃÅ×, ÐÌÁÔÏÎÉËÏ×, ÁÒÉÓÔÏÔÅÌÅ×ÓËÏÇÏ ìÉÃÅÑ ÂÙÌÉ ÛÉÒÏËÏ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙ ÄÁÖÅ ÚÁ ÐÒÅÄÅÌÁÍÉ çÒÅÃÉÉ. ôÏÌØËÏ ÓÔÏÉËÉ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÌÉ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅË, É Ó×ÑÚÁÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌÏ Ó ÏÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ÉÈ ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÈ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÏ×, ×ÅÓØÍÁ ÍÏÄÎÙÍ ÎÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÓÒÅÄÉ ÎÉÈ, ÎÏ É ÓÒÅÄÉ ÆÉÌÏÓÏÆÏ× ÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ. þÅÇÏ ÖÅ ÎÅ ÐÒÉÚÎÁ×ÁÌÉ ÓÔÏÉËÉ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: þáóôîïê óïâóô÷åîîïóôé (× ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ – ÎÁ ËÎÉÇÉ).

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.133

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 22: ÷ ËÏÎÃÅ XIX ×ÅËÁ ÎØÀ-ÊÏÒËÓËÁÑ ÇÁÚÅÔÁ "Morning Journal" ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÕÂÌÉËÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒÉÀ ËÏÍÉËÓÏ× "Yellow Kid", ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÍ ÇÅÒÏÅÍ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÂÙÌ ÍÁÌØÞÉÛËÁ × ÒÕÂÁÛËÅ ÖÅÌÔÏÇÏ Ã×ÅÔÁ. ÷ ÅÇÏ ÍÎÏÇÏÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÀÍÏÒÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÄÉÁÌÏÇÁÈ Ó ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÖÁÍÉ ÏÔÒÁÖÁÌÁÓØ ÓÌÏÖÎÁÑ, ÏÐÁÓÎÁÑ, ÐÏÌÎÁÑ ÓÐÌÅÔÅÎ É ÉÎÔÒÉÇ ÖÉÚÎØ ÂÏÌØÛÏÇÏ ÇÏÒÏÄÁ. óËÁÖÉÔÅ, Á ÞÔÏ, ×ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ ÐÏÑ×É×ÛÅÅÓÑ × ÜÔÏÍ ËÏÍÉËÓÅ, ÄÏ ÓÉÈ ÐÏÒ ÏÓÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÉÚÍÅÎÎÙÍ ÁÔÒÉÂÕÔÏÍ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÈ ÅÍÕ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÄÅÎÉÊ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: "Speech balloons" – ÓÌÏ×Á ÄÉÁÌÏÇÁ, úáëìàþåîîùå ÷ ëòõöïë, ËÁË ÂÙ ×ÙÌÅÔÁÀÝÉÊ éúï òôá ÐÅÒÓÏÎÁÖÁ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.148-9

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 23: ÷ ÄÒÅ×ÎÅÛÕÍÅÒÓËÉÈ ÛËÏÌÁÈ ÇÌÁ×Á ÕÞÅÂÎÏÇÏ ÚÁ×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÌÓÑ "ÕÍÍÉÑ", ÔÏ ÅÓÔØ "ÏÔÅÃ". ÷ÓÅ ÕÞÅÎÉËÉ, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÌÉÓØ ÅÇÏ "ÓÙÎÏ×ØÑÍÉ". á ËÁËÉÍ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÏÍ, ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÍ ×ÓÅÍ ÎÁÍ ÉÚ ÄÒÕÇÏÇÏ ÌÉÔÅÒÁÔÕÒÎÏÇÏ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÌÓÑ ÐÏÍÏÝÎÉË "ÏÔÃÁ", × ÞØÉ ÏÂÑÚÁÎÎÏÓÔÉ ×ÈÏÄÉÌ ËÏÎÔÒÏÌØ ÚÁ ÕÞÅÂÎÙÍ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÍ É ÐÏ×ÅÄÅÎÉÅÍ ÕÞÁÝÉÈÓÑ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: âïìøûïê âòáô (ËÁË Õ ïÒÕÜÌÌÁ).

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.152-3

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 24: úÎÁÍÅÎÉÔÙÊ ÐÅÄÁÇÏÇ XVII ×ÅËÁ ñÎ áÍÏÓ ëÏÍÅÎÓËÉÊ ÂÙÌ ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ, ËÔÏ, ÉÄÑ × ÎÏÇÕ Ó ÔÅÈÎÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÐÒÏÇÒÅÓÓÏÍ, ÓÔÁÌ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÏ × ÕÞÅÂÎÉËÁÈ, ÐÒÉÞÅÍ ÐÏ ×ÓÅÍ ÐÒÅÄÍÅÔÁÍ, ÉÂÏ ÜÔÏ, ÐÏ ÅÇÏ – ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÏÂÏÓÎÏ×ÁÎÎÏÍÕ – ÍÎÅÎÉÀ, ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÏÂÌÅÇÞÁÅÔ ÕÓ×ÏÅÎÉÅ É ÐÏÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÕÞÅÂÎÏÇÏ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÁ. ï ÞÅÍ ÉÄÅÔ ÒÅÞØ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: ïÂ éììàóôòáãéñè.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

éÓÔÏÞÎÉË(É): C.Panati. The Browser's Book of Beginnings: Origins of Everything under (and Including) the Sun. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1984, p.156

÷ÏÐÒÏÓ 25: ÷ ðÏÒÔÕÇÁÌÉÉ ÜÔÏ ÔÅÓÎÏ Ó×ÑÚÁÎÏ Ó Ã×ÅÔËÏÍ, × òÏÓÓÉÉ – Ó ÍÅÓÑÃÅÍ, × þÅÈÏÓÌÏ×ÁËÉÉ – Ó ÔËÁÎØÀ. á ËÁËÉÍ ÜÐÉÔÅÔÏÍ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÚÏ×ÁÌÏÓØ ÔÏ, ÚÁ ÞÔÏ ÁÍÅÒÉËÁÎÓËÉÊ ÓÅÌÅËÃÉÏÎÅÒ îÏÒÍÁÎ âÏÒÌÏÕÇ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌ × ÎÁÞÁÌÅ 1970-È ÇÏÄÏ× îÏÂÅÌÅ×ÓËÕÀ ÐÒÅÍÉÀ?

ïÔ×ÅÔ: úåìåîáñ ÒÅ×ÏÌÀÃÉÑ (×Ù×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÓÏÒÔÏ×, ÒÅÚËÏ ÐÏ×ÙÓÉ×ÛÉÈ ÐÒÏÄÕËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ ÓÅÌØÓËÏÇÏ ÈÏÚÑÊÓÔ×Á). ÷ ðÏÒÔÕÇÁÌÉÉ – ÒÅ×ÏÌÀÃÉÑ Ç×ÏÚÄÉË, × þÅÈÏÓÌÏ×ÁËÉÉ – ÂÁÒÈÁÔÎÁÑ, × òÏÓÓÉÉ, ÅÓÔÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ, ïËÔÑÂÒØÓËÁÑ.

á×ÔÏÒ(Ù): äÍÉÔÒÉÊ öÁÒËÏ×

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÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ äÍÉÔÒÉÑ öÁÒËÏ×Á, ËÌÕÂ "íÏÚÇÏ×ÏÒÏÔ", 1998 1998-01-01 âÌÏË 36 (25 ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏ×)

÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ äÍÉÔÒÉÑ öÁÒËÏ×Á, ËÌÕÂ "íÏÚÇÏ×ÏÒÏÔ", 1998 1998-01-01
âÌÏË 36 (25 ×ÏÐÒÏÓÏ×)